International Mathematical Olympiad 1975

Let $x_i, y_i$ $(i = 1, 2, \ldots, n)$ be real numbers such that

$$x_1 \geq x_2 \geq \cdots \geq x_n \text{ and } y_1 \geq y_2 \geq \cdots \geq y_n.$$

Prove that, if $z_1, z_2, \cdots, z_n$ is any permutation of $y_1, y_2, \cdots, y_n$, then

$$\sum_{i=1}^{n}(x_i - y_i)^2 \leq \sum_{i=1}^{n}(x_i - z_i)^2.$$

Let $a_1, a_2, a_3, \cdots$ be an infinite increasing sequence of positive integers. Prove that for every $p \geq 1$ there are infinitely many $a_m$ which can be written in the form

$$a_m = xa_p + ya_q$$

with $x, y$ positive integers and $q > p$.

On the sides of an arbitrary triangle $ABC$, triangles $ABR, BCP, CAQ$ are constructed externally with $\angle CBP = \angle CAQ = 45°$, $\angle BCP = \angle ACQ = 30°$, $\angle ABR = \angle BAR = 15°$. Prove that $\angle QRP = 90°$ and $QR = RP$.

When $4444^{4444}$ is written in decimal notation, the sum of its digits is $A$. Let $B$ be the sum of the digits of $A$. Find the sum of the digits of $B$. ($A$ and $B$ are written in decimal notation.)

Determine, with proof, whether or not one can find 1975 points on the circumference of a circle with unit radius such that the distance between any two of them is a rational number.

Find all polynomials $P$ in two variables, with the following properties: (i) for a positive integer $n$ and all real $t, x, y$

$$P(tx, ty) = t^n P(x, y)$$

(that is, $P$ is homogeneous of degree $n$), (ii) for all real $a, b, c$,

$$P(b + c, a) + P(c + a, b) + P(a + b, c) = 0,$$

(iii) $P(1, 0) = 1$.