Middle European Mathematical Olympiad 2025 Problem T-1

Bob has nn coins with integer values c1c2cn>0.c_1 \geq c_2 \geq \cdots \geq c_n > 0.

He is standing in front of a vending machine that offers nn candy bars with positive integer costs b1,b2,,bnb_1, b_2, \ldots, b_n. Bob notices that for every i{1,,n}i \in \{1, \ldots, n\}, it holds that b1+b2++bic1+c2++ci.b_1 + b_2 + \cdots + b_i \geq c_1 + c_2 + \cdots + c_i.

Furthermore, the total value of Bob's coins equals the sum of the costs of all the candy bars. The candy bars can be purchased in any order. In order to buy the ii-th candy bar, Bob has to insert coins of total value at least bib_i. However, the machine does not give him back any change.

Prove that Bob can buy at least half of the candy bars.

Middle European Mathematical Olympiad 2025 Problem T-2

Let R+\mathbb{R}^+ be the set of positive real numbers. Determine all functions f ⁣:R+R+f\colon \mathbb{R}^{+}\to \mathbb{R}^{+} such that for all numbers x,yR+x,y\in \mathbb{R}^{+}, we have f(xy)+f(x)=f(y)f(xf(y))+f(x)f(y),f(xy) + f(x) = f(y)f(xf(y)) + f(x)f(y),

and there exists at most one number aR+a \in \mathbb{R}^+ such that f(a)=1f(a) = 1.

Middle European Mathematical Olympiad 2025 Problem T-3

A snake in an n×nn \times n grid is a path composed of straight line segments between centres of adjacent cells, going through the centres of all the n2n^2 grid cells, which visits each cell exactly once. Here two grid cells are considered to be adjacent if they share an edge. Note that all pieces of the snake path are parallel to grid lines. The figure shows an example of a snake in a 4×44 \times 4 grid. This snake makes nine 9090^\circ turns, marked by small black squares.

figure

Let us now consider a snake through the 2025 cells of a 45×4545 \times 45 grid. What is the maximum possible number of 9090^\circ turns that such a snake can make?

Middle European Mathematical Olympiad 2025 Problem T-4

Let nn be a positive integer. In the province of Laplandia there are 100n100n cities, each two connected by a direct road, and each of these roads has a toll station collecting a positive amount of toll revenue. For each road, the revenue of its toll station is split equally between the two cities at the ends of the road (meaning that each of the two cities receives half of the income). For each city, the total toll revenue is given by the sum of the revenues it receives from the 100n1100n - 1 toll stations on its roads.

According to a new law, the revenues of some of the toll stations will be collected by the federal government instead of by the adjacent cities. The governor of Laplandia is allowed to choose those toll stations. The mayors of the cities demand that for each city, the sum of the remaining revenues it receives from the other toll stations after this change is at least 99%99\% of its former total toll revenue.

Find the largest positive integer kk, depending on nn, such that the governor can always choose kk toll stations for the federal government to collect the toll revenue, while satisfying the demand of the city mayors.

Middle European Mathematical Olympiad 2025 Problem T-5

Let ABCABC be an acute triangle with AB<ACAB < AC. Denote by DD the foot of the perpendicular from AA to BCBC. Let EE be the point such that ABECABEC is a parallelogram. Let MM be a point inside triangle ABCABC such that MB=MCMB = MC. Let FF be the reflection of point DD across the tangent to the circumcircle of triangle ADMADM at point MM. Prove that AF=DEAF = DE.

Middle European Mathematical Olympiad 2025 Problem T-6

Let ABCABC be an acute triangle with an interior point DD such that BDC=180BAC\angle BDC = 180^{\circ} - \angle BAC. The lines BDBD and ACAC intersect at the point EE, and the lines CDCD and ABAB intersect at the point FF. The points PEP \neq E and QFQ \neq F lie on the line EFEF so that BP=BEBP = BE and CQ=CFCQ = CF. Assume that the segments APAP and AQAQ intersect the circumcircle ω\omega of ABCABC at the points RAR \neq A and SAS \neq A, respectively. Prove that the lines RFRF and SESE intersect on ω\omega.

Middle European Mathematical Olympiad 2025 Problem T-7

Let nn be a positive integer such that the sum of positive divisors of n2+n+1n^2 + n + 1 is divisible by 3. Prove that it is possible to partition the set of positive divisors of n2+n+1n^2 + n + 1 into three sets such that the product of all elements in each set is the same.

Middle European Mathematical Olympiad 2025 Problem T-8

Determine whether the following statement is true for every polynomial PP of degree at least 2 with nonnegative integer coefficients:

There exists a positive integer mm such that for infinitely many positive integers nn the number Pn(m)P^n(m) has more than nn distinct positive divisors.

Remark. Here PnP^n denotes PP applied nn times, this means Pn(x)=P(P(P(x)))n timesP^n(x) = \underbrace{P(P(\ldots P(x)\ldots))}_{n \text{ times}}.

Grade 9 1992 Problem 1

Nači najmanju vrijednost zbroja S=xyz+yzx+zxyS = \frac{xy}{z} + \frac{yz}{x} + \frac{zx}{y} pri čemu su x,y,zx, y, z pozitivni realni brojevi takvi da je x2+y2+z2=1x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1. Za koje brojeve se ona dostiže?

Grade 9 1992 Problem 4

Riješi sustav jednadžbi x3+y+2=1|x - 3| + |y + 2| = 1 x+1y1=2,x,yR|x + 1| - |y - 1| = 2, \quad x, y \in \mathbb{R} i skiciraj skup rješenja u koordinatnoj ravnini.

Grade 9 1993 Problem 1

Kugla polumjera RR presječena je s dvije paralelne ravnine tako da je središte kugle izvan sloja određenog tim ravninama. Neka su P1P_1 i P2P_2 površine presjeka, a dd međusobna udaljenost danih ravnina. Nađite površinu presjeka kugle ravninom koja je paralelna danim ravninama i jednako od njih udaljena.

Grade 9 1994 Problem 2

Neka su aa i bb duljine osnovica trapeza. Dokažite:

(a) Duljina dužine paralelne s osnovicama, koja raspolavlja površinu trapeza, jednaka je a2+c22\sqrt{\frac{a^2 + c^2}{2}} (kvadratna sredina).

(b) Duljina spojnice polovišta krakova jednaka je a+c2\frac{a + c}{2} (aritmetička sredina).

(c) Duljina dužine paralelne osnovicama, koja dijeli trapez na dva međusobno slična trapeza, jednaka je ac\sqrt{ac} (geometrijska sredina).

(d) Duljina dužine paralelne s osnovicama kroz sjecište dijagonala, kojoj su krajevi na krakovima, jednaka je 21a+1c\frac{2}{\frac1a + \frac1c} (harmonijska sredina).

Grade 9 1994 Problem 3

Riješite sustav jednadžbi 2x15x2+3x3=02x25x3+3x4=02x19935x1994+3x1=02x19945x1+3x2=0.\begin{aligned} 2x_1 - 5x_2 + 3x_3 &= 0 \\ 2x_2 - 5x_3 + 3x_4 &= 0 \\ &\vdots \\ 2x_{1993} - 5x_{1994} + 3x_1 &= 0 \\ 2x_{1994} - 5x_1 + 3x_2 &= 0. \end{aligned}

Grade 9 1995 Problem 1

U pravokutni trokut ABCABC s duljinom hipotenuze cc i pripadnom visinom hh upisan je kvadrat DEFGDEFG sa dva susjedna vrha D,ED, E na hipotenuzi AB\overline{AB} i po jednim vrhom FF i GG na katetama BC\overline{BC} i CA\overline{CA}. Izračunajte duljinu xx stranice tog kvadrata i dokažite jednakost ADBE=x2|AD| \cdot |BE| = x^2.

Grade 9 1995 Problem 2

Dokažite identitet a1a2(a1+a2)+a2a3(a2+a3)++ana1(an+a1)=a2a1(a1+a2)+a3a2(a2+a3)++a1an(an+a1).\frac{a_1}{a_2(a_1 + a_2)} + \frac{a_2}{a_3(a_2 + a_3)} + \ldots + \frac{a_n}{a_1(a_n + a_1)} = \frac{a_2}{a_1(a_1 + a_2)} + \frac{a_3}{a_2(a_2 + a_3)} + \ldots + \frac{a_1}{a_n(a_n + a_1)}.

Grade 9 1995 Problem 3

Nadite sva realna rješenja jednadžbe 2x22x122x+342x1+32x+862x1=4.\sqrt{2x - 2\sqrt{2x - 1}} - 2\sqrt{2x + 3 - 4\sqrt{2x - 1}} + 3\sqrt{2x + 8 - 6\sqrt{2x - 1}} = 4.

Grade 9 1996 Problem 2

Brojevi aa, bb, cc, dd zadovoljavaju relaciju a+b+c+d=0a + b + c + d = 0. Neka je S1=ab+bc+cdS_1 = ab + bc + cd i S2=ac+ad+bdS_2 = ac + ad + bd. Pokažite da je 5S1+8S20i8S1+5S20.5S_1 + 8S_2 \leq 0 \quad \text{i} \quad 8S_1 + 5S_2 \leq 0.

Grade 9 1996 Problem 3

Zadan je konveksan peterokut ABCDEABCDE. Neka su MM, NN, PP, QQ redom polovišta stranica AB\overline{AB}, BC\overline{BC}, CD\overline{CD}, DE\overline{DE} te neka su RR i SS polovišta dužina MP\overline{MP} i QN\overline{QN}. Pokažite da je SR=14AE.|SR| = \frac{1}{4} |AE|.

Grade 9 1996 Problem 4

Četiri kružnice polumjera aa sa središtima u vrhovima kvadrata stranice duljine aa, dijele taj kvadrat na devet područja. Odredite površinu svakog od pojedinih područja ako je dana površina QQ kvadrata, površina KK kruga polumjera aa i površina TT jednakostraničnog trokuta duljine stranice aa.

Grade 9 1997 Problem 1

Neka je nn prirodan broj. Nadite sva rješenja jednadžbe x123(n1)n=0.\left| \left| \dots \right| \right| | x - 1 | - 2 | - 3 | - \dots - (n - 1) | - n | = 0.

Grade 9 1997 Problem 2

Zadani su realni brojevi a<b<c<da < b < c < d. Odredite sve mogućnosti izbora brojeva p,q,r,sp, q, r, s za koje je {a,b,c,d}={p,q,r,s}\{a, b, c, d\} = \{p, q, r, s\}, a vrijednost izraza (pq)2+(qr)2+(rs)2+(sp)2(p - q)^{2} + (q - r)^{2} + (r - s)^{2} + (s - p)^{2} je najmanja.

Grade 9 1997 Problem 3

Zadane su kružnica i tetiva koja dijeli njezinu nutrinu na dva kružna odsječka. U njih su upisane kružnice k1k_{1} i k2k_{2} koje iznutra diraju kružnicu kk, i danu tetivu diraju u istoj točki s raznih njezinih strana. Dokažite da je omjer polumjera kružnica k1k_{1} i k2k_{2} konstantan, tj. da ne ovisi o položaju zajedničkog dirališta s tetivom.

Grade 9 1997 Problem 4

Na beskonačnom bijelom papiru podijeljenom na jednake kvadratiće neki od njih su obojeni crvenom bojom. U svakom 2×32 \times 3 pravokutniku točno dva kvadratića su crvena. Promatrajte bilo koji 9×119 \times 11 pravokutnik. Koliko u njemu ima crvenih kvadratića?

Grade 9 1998 Problem 1

Što je veće A=2.00004(1.00004)2+2.00004iliB=2.00002(1.00002)2+2.00002,A = \frac{2.00\dots004}{(1.00\dots004)^2 + 2.00\dots004} \quad \text{ili} \quad B = \frac{2.00\dots002}{(1.00\dots002)^2 + 2.00\dots002}, gdje u svakom broju u brojniku i nazivniku ima po 19981998 nula?

Grade 9 1998 Problem 3

Ivan i Krešo, pošli su istodobno iz Crikvenice u Kraljevicu, čija je udaljenost 15km15\,\text{km}, a Marko je u isto vrijeme krenuo iz Kraljevice u Crikvenicu. Sva trojica imala su jedan bicikl i put su prevaljivali pješačenjem brzinom od 5km/h5\,\text{km/h} ili biciklom brzinom od 15km/h15\,\text{km/h}. Ivan je pošao pješice, dok je Krešo vozio bicikl sve dok se nije sreo s Markom. Tada je Krešo dao bicikl Marku i nastavio put prema Kraljevici pješice, a Marko je nastavio put prema Crikvenici biciklom. Kada je sreo Ivana dao mu je bicikl i ovaj je vozeći se stigao u Kraljevicu, dok je Marko pješice nastavio put do Crikvenice. Koliko vremena je svaki od njih trebao da dođe do svog cilja, koliko je pješačio, a koliko vozio bicikl?

Grade 9 1999 Problem 1

Kružnice k1k_1 i k2k_2 polumjera r1=6r_1 = 6 i r2=3r_2 = 3 dodiruju se izvana. Obje kružnice dodiruju iznutra kružnicu kk polumjera r=9r = 9. Zajednička vanjska tangenta kružnica k1k_1 i k2k_2 siječe kružnicu kk u točkama PP i QQ. Izračunajte duljinu tetive PQ\overline{PQ}.

Grade 9 1999 Problem 2

Neka su aa, bb i cc pozitivni realni brojevi takvi da je a+b+c=1a + b + c = 1. Dokažite da vrijedi nejednakost a3a2+b2+b3b2+c2+c3c2+a212.\frac{a^3}{a^2 + b^2} + \frac{b^3}{b^2 + c^2} + \frac{c^3}{c^2 + a^2} \geq \frac{1}{2}.

Grade 9 1999 Problem 3

Dokažite da je za svaki a(1,2)a \in (1,2) površina lika kojeg omeđuju grafovi funkcija y=1x1iy=2xa,y = 1 - |x - 1| \quad \text{i} \quad y = |2x - a|, manja od 13\dfrac{1}{3}.

Grade 9 1999 Problem 4

Dana je trojka (a1,a2,a3)=(3,4,12)(a_1, a_2, a_3) = (3, 4, 12). Provodimo sljedeći postupak: biramo dva broja aia_i i aja_j, (ij)(i \neq j), te ih zamijenimo sa 0.6ai0.8aj0.6a_i - 0.8a_j i 0.8ai+0.6aj0.8a_i + 0.6a_j. Može li se višekratnom primjenom gore opisanog postupka dobiti trojka (2,8,10)(2, 8, 10)?

Grade 9 2000 Problem 2

Kružnica upisana u trokut ABCABC dodiruje njegove stranice BC\overline{BC}, CA\overline{CA} i AB\overline{AB} u točkama A1,B1,C1A_{1}, B_{1}, C_{1}. Izrazite kutove trokuta A1B1C1A_{1}B_{1}C_{1} pomoću kutova trokuta ABCABC.

Grade 9 2000 Problem 3

Neka je m2m \geq 2 prirodan broj. Koliko rješenja u skupu prirodnih brojeva ima jednadžba xm=xm1?\left\lfloor \frac {x}{m} \right\rfloor = \left\lfloor \frac {x}{m - 1} \right\rfloor ? (x\lfloor x \rfloor je oznaka za najveći cijeli broj koji nije veći od xx.)

Grade 9 2000 Problem 4

Na raspolaganju su kovanice od 11, 22, 55, 1010, 2020, 5050 lipa i od 11 kune. Dokažite da ako se iznos od MM lipa može isplatiti pomoću NN kovanica, onda se iznos od NN kuna može isplatiti pomoću MM kovanica.

Grade 9 2001 Problem 2

Sjecište dijagonala kvadrata ABCDABCD je točka SS, dok je točka PP polovište stranice AB\overline{AB}. Neka je MM sjecište dužina AC\overline{AC} i PD\overline{PD}, a NN sjecište dužina BD\overline{BD} i PC\overline{PC}. Četverokutu PMSNPMSN upisana je kružnica. Dokažite da je njen polumjer jednak MPMS|MP| - |MS|.

Grade 9 2001 Problem 3

Dokažite da za pozitivne realne brojeve aa i bb vrijedi nejednakost ab3+ba32(a+b)(1a+1b)3.\sqrt[3]{\frac{a}{b}} + \sqrt[3]{\frac{b}{a}} \leq \sqrt[3]{2(a + b)\left(\frac{1}{a} + \frac{1}{b}\right)}.

Grade 9 2001 Problem 4

Za koje se prirodne brojeve nn pravokutna ploča 9×n9 \times n može prekriti pločicama oblika \square\llap{\raisebox{-1.5ex}{$\square$}}\kern-0.15em\square tako da se one međusobno ne preklapaju?